1, Isimo samanje samakheshi eChina namakheshi ezibhedlela zemfundo ephakeme
1. Isimo samanje semboni yekheshi laseChina
Kusukela ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2017, inani eliphelele lamakheshi e-China lase lifinyelele cishe ezigidini ezingu-5.6, okubalelwa ku-70% wengqikithi yokukhiqiza emhlabeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke nobunikazi bamakheshi kukleliswe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni, okwenza iChina ibe umkhiqizi namakheshi amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezizathu zomlando ezifana nokulinganiselwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezindinganiso zokonga amandla eziphakeme ezisalele emuva, nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokulondoloza amandla e-China bufinyelele ezingeni elihamba phambili lamazwe ngamazwe kwezinye izici, imikhiqizo efana ne-Tongli, i-Mitsubishi, i-Thyssen, i-Xunda, i-Hitachi, njll. baye bethula ngokulandelanayo engeziwe eyonga amandla kagesi ehlala njalo eminyakeni yamuva nje yemishini ye-elevator encane engenawo amagiya. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokungena kwamakheshi okonga amandla emakethe lisephansi kakhulu. Izinga lokungena lezikheshi ezingenagiya ozibuthe ezivumelanayo ezihlala unomphela ezonga ugesi ongaphezu kuka-30% lingaphansi kuka-10%, futhi izinga lokungena kwamakheshi anezisetshenziswa ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zokuphendula amandla anezinga lokuvuselela amandla angu-30% lingaphansi kuka-2%. Kunendawo enkulu yokonga ugesi kuyo yonke imboni yamakheshi eShayina, futhi kunendawo enkulu yemakethe yamakheshi okonga amandla.
Isimo samanje sokusebenza kwekheshi ezibhedlela zemfundo ephakeme
Njengethuluzi lezokuthutha likaloliwe eliyinhloko neliwukuphela kwalo lokuthutha iziguli ziqonde phezulu kanye nabasebenzi bezokwelapha ezitezi ezihlukene ezibhedlela, amakheshi ezibhedlela zemfundo ephakeme anezimpawu ezilandelayo:
① Inani lamakheshi ahanjiswayo likhulu
Ngokwezibalo, kusukela ngo-2017, isilinganiso sonyaka seziguli ezilaliswayo ezibhedlela zemfundo ephakeme eChina sesifinyelele kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Sithatha njengesibonelo Isibhedlela Sabantu i-Wuxi, ngo-2015, umthamo waminyaka yonke weziguli eziphuma ngaphandle iWuxi People's Hospital yafinyelela ezigidini ezingu-3.09, ngokuvulwa kwangempela kwemibhede engu-2000. Phakathi kwazo, ngaphezu kuka-90% weziguli kanye nezisebenzi ezihambisana nazo badinga ukugibela amakheshi ukuze bafinyelele eminyangweni emisiwe noma ezitezi eziwadini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunabasebenzi benkonzo yezokuthutha abafana nodokotela, abahlengikazi, izisebenzi zokuphatha, izisebenzi zokuhlanza nezokuvikela esibhedlela, okwenza umthamo wangempela wokuthutha wamakheshi esibhedlela ube mkhulu.
Isibalo esilandelayo sibonisa inani lansuku zonke lesilinganiso sokuqala kwamakheshi ezibhedlela zamazinga ahlukene ngokwezibalo zeminyango efanele. Phakathi kwazo, isilinganiso sansuku zonke sokuqala samakheshi ezibhedlela zemfundo ephakeme esifundeni sesivele sidlule izikhathi ezingama-2000 ngosuku.
Umphumela wokusebenzisa okokonga amandla kumakheshi asesibhedlela
▲ Umfanekiso 1 Izibalo zezikhathi zokuqalisa ezimaphakathi zansuku zonke zamakheshi ezibhedlela zezikali ezihlukene
② Ikheshi selisetshenziswe isikhathi eside
Ngenxa yezidingo ezithile kanye namaqembu esevisi amakheshi asesibhedlela, amakheshi amaningi ezokwelapha adinga ukusebenza amahora angama-24. Uma sithatha isibonelo seSibhedlela Sabantu sase-Wuxi, kukhona isamba samakheshi aqondile we-Guangzhou Hitachi angama-38 esibhedlela saseWuxi People's. Phakathi kwazo, amakheshi angu-16 ezokwelapha emnyangweni weziguli ezilaliswayo asesimweni esimatasa sokusebenza amahora angama-24 ngosuku, izinsuku ezingama-365 ngonyaka, ngaphandle kwesikhathi esijwayelekile sokunakekela. Isikhathi sokuqalisa sansuku zonke seminyango yeziguli ezilaliswayo nezimo eziphuthumayo singaphezu kwamahora ayi-12.
③ Amakheshi asebenzisa amandla aphezulu ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa
Ngokwemininingwane yezibalo, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kukagesi nsuku zonke kwekheshi ngayinye esibhedlela semfundo ephakeme sisuka ku-60kW. h kuya ku-100kW. h, nesilinganiso esingu-80kW. h/usuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwesimo somoya noma abalandeli egumbini lomshini elisetshenziselwa ukupholisa ikheshi ehlobo kungafinyelela ukusetshenziswa kukagesi nsuku zonke okungu-100 kW. h/ngosuku ngesikhathi samahora aphakeme. Uma sithatha isibhedlela semfundo ephakeme esinamakheshi angu-40 njengesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi nsuku zonke kwamakheshi ngezikhathi zasehlobo eziphakeme kungafinyelela ku-4000 kW. h, okumangazayo.
④ Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ekamelweni lomshini wekheshi
Njengamanje, ama-lifti angu-90% emakethe angamakheshi e-VVVF (Variable Frequency Variable Speed Control), cishe angu-2% kuphela anezisetshenziswa zokuphendula ezakhelwe ngaphakathi futhi zingamakheshi okonga amandla aphezulu. Ama-lifti angu-98% asele amosha ugesi okhiqizwa ngesikhathi somthwalo omncane, umthwalo osindayo wehliswa, kanye nokubhuleka ezingeni ngokusebenzisa ama-braking resistors kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-thermal kagesi. Ngemva kokuba inani elikhulu likagesi liguqulwa libe amandla okushisa, izinga lokushisa ekamelweni lomshini we-elevator likhuphuka kakhulu. Uma izinyathelo zokupholisa ngempoqo zingathathwanga ngesikhathi, ikheshi lizozivikela ngokwalo ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu, okuholela ezingozini eziphuthumayo zokuvala shaqa, okuthinta kabi ukusebenza okuvamile kwekheshi nokwaneliseka kwabagibeli.
Ngakho-ke, umnyango kazwelonke wokubheka izinga nobuchwepheshe bokuqondisa kanye nokuhlola udinga ukuthi wonke amagumbi emishini yekheshi kumele afakwe izinto zokupholisa ezinamandla aphezulu njenge-air conditioning namafeni, futhi ukubeke kwacaca ukuthi uma izinga lokushisa ekamelweni lomshini wekheshi lingaphezu kuka-40 ℃, kufanele kuvulwe umoya wokupholisa.
⑤ Izinga eliphezulu lokwehluleka kokusetshenziswa kwekheshi
Ukushisa okuphezulu kungenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuguga nokwehluleka kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, futhi esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko "zezingozi eziboshiwe" ezibangelwa ukuvalwa okuphuthumayo kwamakheshi ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Ngokwezibalo zesampula zaseGuizhou zedatha enkulu yekheshi, izinga lokuhluleka kwabantu abavaleleke kumakheshi asesibhedlela lifika kuqala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamakheshi ku-9.18%, lidlula kude izinga lokuhluleka kwekheshi lokuhlala elingu-3.44%. Izibalo ziphinde zibonise ukuthi ngaphezu kuka-95% "wezingozi ezivaleleke" kumakheshi zenzeka ngesikhathi kushisa ehlobo, kanti iningi lamakheshi lidalwa ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kanye nezinyathelo zokupholisa ezinganele.
2, Ubuchwepheshe Bokusebenzisa I-Elevator Regenerative Energy - Isingeniso Sedivayisi Yempendulo Yamandla Kagesi
Idivayisi yempendulo yamandla kagesi wekheshi iyithuluzi elikhethekile lokonga amandla elisetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okubhuleka amakheshi e-VVVF. Ithola amandla kagesi amanje aqondile aguquliwe kusukela kumandla ekinetic emishini namandla anamandla adonsela phansi ngesikhathi sokhuphula ukukhanya, ukwehla komthwalo osindayo, kanye nokusebenza kwezinga lokubhuleka kwekheshi. Ngemuva kokuguqulwa kwe-DC/AC, ukulungiswa, nokuhlunga, idluliselwa kugridi yamandla yasendaweni ukuze isetshenziswe izinto zikagesi ezizungezile zekheshi.
Ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kokulungiswa kokulondoloza amandla, isici sezikheshi ze-VVVF zisebenzisa i-braking yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwakungekona ukuthi zidla amandla amaningi, kodwa ukuthi zakhiqiza inani elikhulu likagesi kodwa azizange zisetshenziswe kabusha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amandla kagesi atholakalayo aguqulwa abe amandla okushisa futhi ashiswa ngeze. Inkinga yesibili eyabangelwa yilokhu kwakuwukukhuphuka okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa ekamelweni lomshini we-elevator, okwakudinga ukufakwa kwemishini yokupholisa ekhethekile (abalandeli be-air conditioning), ngaphandle kwalokho kwakuzothinta ukusebenza okuvamile kwekheshi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwemishini yokupholisa ngokwayo nakho kuwukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Emakamelweni emishini ye-lifti anokukhishwa okuncane kokushisa ehlobo, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwe-elevator air conditioning kungadlula ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwekheshi ngokwalo, ngakho ukumosha amandla kubi kakhulu.
Ukuguqulwa okonga amandla kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa idivayisi yempendulo yamandla kagesi wekheshi, ngaphandle kokushintsha isakhiwo sokuqala sekheshi. Idivayisi yokuthola amandla kuphela exhumeke ngokuhambisanayo. I-voltage esebenzayo yedivayisi yempendulo iphansi kunaleyo ye-elevator braking resistor, ngakho idivayisi yempendulo ithatha indawo yokuqala kune-resistor yokubhuleka futhi ibuyisela amandla kagesi kugridi ukuze igaywe kabusha kusenesikhathi. Uma idivayisi yempendulo ingasebenzi kahle, i-voltage yebhasi ye-DC yekheshi izoqhubeka nokukhuphuka, i-elevator braking resistor izoqalisa kabusha, futhi ilifthi izoshintshela ngokuzenzekelayo esimweni sokuqala sokusebenza esingawongi amandla, kodwa ngeke kuthinte ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwekheshi. Ngakho-ke, idivayisi yempendulo ye-elevator yamandla kagesi iphephile. Uchungechunge lwe-GPM-M lwe-Mitsubishi kanye nezikheshi zochungechunge lwe-OTIS ze-REGEN zombili ziza namadivayisi empendulo yamandla.
Umphumela wokusebenzisa okokonga amandla kumakheshi asesibhedlela
▲ Umfanekiso 2 Umdwebo wesimiso esisebenzayo sedivayisi yempendulo yamandla kagesi wekheshi
Izinga lokuguqulwa kwamandla ledivayisi yempendulo yekheshi lingafinyelela ku-97%, ngenani eliqondile lokonga amandla phakathi kuka-15% no-45%, kanye nesilinganiso sokonga amandla esimaphakathi esingu-30%. Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokonga ugesi elikalwa ezinhlelweni zokonga ugesi ezibhedlela ngama-51%.
Ngemva kokwamukela idivayisi yempendulo yamandla ekheshi, wonke amandla kagesi aguqulwa asuka kumandla ayimishini namandla angaba khona ayasetshenziswa kabusha. Umthombo oyinhloko wokushisa wokumelana nebhuleki egumbini lomshini we-lifti uyayeka ukusebenza futhi akusakhiqizi ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa ekamelweni lomshini we-elevator lingancishiswa kakhulu. I-air conditioner ekuqaleni eyayidinga ukuvulwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ipholise ikheshi manje ingavulwa noma ivalwe kancane, izuze ukonga ugesi okwesibili ngokonga izindleko zikagesi we-air conditioner kanye nogesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yomthombo omkhulu wokushisa wokumelana ne-braking resistor egumbini lomshini we-elevator ukuyeka ukusebenza, izinga lokushisa ekamelweni lomshini liye lehla kakhulu, futhi indawo yokusebenza yekheshi iye yathuthukiswa. I-elevator ingagwema izingozi ezibangelwa ukuvalwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo ngenxa yokuzivikela okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa. Ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo yegumbi lomshini we-elevator, izinga lokuguga lezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ebhodini lesifunda le-elevator lizohamba kancane, izinga lokuhluleka kwe-elevator lizokwehla kakhulu, futhi izindleko zokunakekelwa kwekheshi zizokwehla ngokufanayo; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, impilo yesevisi yangempela yekheshi nayo izonwetshwa ngokufanayo.
3, Ukuhlaziywa kwenzuzo ngemuva kokwamukela ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa amandla okuvuselela kabusha ikheshi
Ngokusekelwe ophenyweni lwamacala aphumelelayo okonga amandla amakheshi ezibhedlela ezisezingeni elifanayo, futhi kuhlanganiswe nemiphumela esobala yokonga amandla yokuhlolwa kwendawo yamakheshi esibhedlela saseWuxi People's, Isibhedlela Sabantu saseWuxi senze ukulungisa okonga ugesi kumakheshi ezokwelapha angama-33 e-VVVF ahlangabezana nemibandela yokonga amandla okuvuselela kusetshenziswa amabheshi amabili avuselelwe amandla okutshalwa kwezimali. Amadivayisi empendulo ye-elevator yamandla afakiwe, futhi imiphumela yokonga amandla ibibalulekile. Imiphumela imi kanje:
① Umphumela wokonga amandla
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ngemva kokulungiswa okonga amandla ibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo ekulungiseni ukonga amandla kunomphumela ophawulekayo wokonga amandla kumakheshi, ngesampula yokuhlola izinga lokonga amandla elingu-34.33% kanye nesilinganiso sokonga amandla esingama-30%; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokushisa ekamelweni lomshini we-elevator lehla kakhulu, futhi izinga lokushisa le-resistor braking lehla lisuka ku-191.6 ℃ laya ku-27.0 ℃. Izinga lokuhluleka kokusebenza kwekheshi liphinde labonisa ukuthambekela okucacile kokwehla, futhi iphrojekthi iyonke ifinyelele umgomo wokufeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokonga amandla ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphephile kwekheshi.
Ithebula 1: Amarekhodi esizeni okuhlolwa komphumela wezinga lokonga amandla kuphrojekthi
Umphumela wokusebenzisa okokonga amandla kumakheshi asesibhedlela
② Imali engenayo yokutshalwa kwezimali
Le phrojekthi yokonga amandla ingabuyisa konke ukutshalwa kwezimali okonga ugesi cishe eminyakeni emi-2. Impilo yesevisi eklanyelwe yamathuluzi yiminyaka eyi-15, kanti iminyaka eyi-13 esele yezinzuzo zokonga ugesi iyisamba semali engenayo yesibhedlela.
③ Izinzuzo zemvelo
Ngemva kokuqaliswa kwalo msebenzi wokonga ugesi, ingonga cishe amathani angu-1980 amalahle aluhlaza ezweni, inciphise ukukhishwa kwesikhutha ngamakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-5.1876, inciphise ukukhishwa kwesulfure dioxide ngamakhilogremu angaba ngu-16830, futhi inciphise ukukhishwa kwe-nitrogen oxide cishe ngamakhilogremu angu-14652.
Ithebula 2 Ukubalwa Kwemihlomulo Yezemvelo Yomklamo
Umphumela wokusebenzisa okokonga amandla kumakheshi asesibhedlela
4. Isiphetho
Njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuthutha izitimela ezibhedlela, ukusebenza okuphephile nokushelelayo kwamakheshi ezokwelapha kuhlobene nokusebenza kahle kanye nesithombe sokusebenza kwesibhedlela, kanye nesivinini sokusindisa izimpilo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile nokushelelayo kwamakheshi ezokwelapha endaweni enhle yokusebenza kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngenxa yezizathu zomlando ezifana nezidingo zokonga ugesi, amazinga embonini, kanye nemikhawulo yobuchwepheshe, ingxenye yezikhungo zomphakathi ezifana nezibhedlela zemfundo ephakeme ezisebenzisa amakheshi anobuchwepheshe okonga amandla njengobuchwepheshe bokuvuselela amandla kanye nobuchwepheshe obungenamphela obungenagiya obuhambisana uzibuthe buphansi kakhulu. Amakheshi amaningi ezibhedlela zemfundo ephakeme anezici zokushisa okuphezulu kwendawo yokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwekheshi, kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokwehluleka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwekheshi.
Ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesibhedlela i-Wuxi People's Hospital ekuqaliseni ukuvuselela ukonga amandla kwamakheshi kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo isikhathi esithile, kunconywa ukuthi ozakwabo bakhethe amakheshi asebenza kahle kakhulu anobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo kanye nobuchwepheshe obungenamagiya obuhambisana uzibuthe obungapheli ngangokunokwenzeka ohlelweni lokwakhiwa kwesibhedlela, ukunwetshwa, nokulungiswa kabusha. Emabhilidini akhona ezibhedlela, kunconywa ukuthi izibhedlela zikhethe izinkampani zesevisi yokonga amandla ezinolwazi lokuvuselela kanye neziqu, futhi zilungise amakheshi ngokwesayensi ngokufaka amadivaysi empendulo yamandla kagesi ngesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukuze kongiwe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwekheshi, ukunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza kwesibhedlela, nokudala isibhedlela esiluhlaza.