Abahlinzeki bemishini esekela i-frequency converter bakukhumbuza ukuthi iziguquli zefrikhwensi ziyiziguquli zamandla ezinhlelweni zokulawula ukunyakaza. Uhlelo lwamanje lokulawula ukunyakaza luyinkambu yobuchwepheshe ehlanganisa imikhakha eminingi, futhi inkambiso yokuthuthukiswa iyonke ithi: Ukulawulwa kwe-AC, iziguquli zamandla ezimvamisa eziphezulu, idijithali, ubuhlakani, nokulawula kwenethiwekhi. Ngakho-ke, njengengxenye ebalulekile yokuguqula amandla yesistimu, iziguquli zefrikhwensi zithuthuke ngokushesha ngokunikeza amandla aguquguqukayo asebenza kakhulu alawulekayo kanye nemithombo yamandla ye-AC yefrikhwensi eguquguqukayo.
Ngekhulu lama-21, i-substrate ye-electronics yamandla iye yaguqulwa isuka ku-Si (silicon) yaya ku-SiC (silicon carbide), ingenisa inkathi yamandla kagesi aphezulu, umthamo omkhulu, imvamisa ephezulu, izingxenye ze-modular, miniaturization, intelligence, kanye nezindleko eziphansi zamadivayisi amasha kagesi kagesi. Imishini kagesi emisha ehlukahlukene efanele ukulawulwa kwesivinini esishintshashintshayo iyathuthukiswa futhi iyacwaningwa. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe be-IT kanye nokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo kwethiyori yokulawula kuzothinta umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kwama-frequency converters.
Ngokunwetshwa kwemakethe kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwezidingo zabasebenzisi, imisebenzi yemikhiqizo yasekhaya yokuguqula imvamisa ithuthuka njalo futhi iyanda, ngokuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kanye nokuhlelwa, futhi eminye imikhiqizo ekhethekile yokuguqula imvamisa isivele yavela. Kubikwa ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva, imakethe yabaguquli bemvamisa e-China igcine izinga lokukhula lika-12-15%, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi igcine izinga lokukhula elingaphezu kuka-10% okungenani iminyaka emi-5 ezayo. Njengamanje, izinga lokukhula kwamandla afakiwe (amandla) weziguquli zemvamisa emakethe yaseShayina empeleni licishe libe ngama-20%. Kulindeleke ukuthi imakethe yokuguqula imvamisa izofinyelela ekugcwalisekeni futhi kancane kancane ivuthwe okungenani eminyakeni eyi-10 kamuva.
1. Ubuhlakani
Ngemuva kokuthi i-converter frequency converter ehlakaniphile ifakwe ohlelweni, asikho isidingo sokwenza izilungiselelo eziningi zokusebenza, ingasetshenziswa kalula futhi isetshenziswe, ngokuboniswa okusobala kwesimo sokusebenza, futhi ingafinyelela ukuxilongwa kwephutha nokuxazulula izinkinga, ngisho nokuguqulwa kwengxenye okuzenzakalelayo. I-inthanethi ingasetshenziselwa ukuqapha okukude ukuze kubonakale ukuxhumana kwama-inverter amaningi ngokuya ngezinqubo zenqubo, yakhe uhlelo oludidiyelwe lokuphatha nokulawula oludidiyelwe lwe-inverter.
2. Ubungcweti
Ngokusekelwe ezicini zohlobo oluthile lomthwalo, ukukhiqiza iziguquli ezikhethekile zefrikhwensi akuzuzisi nje kuphela ngokulawula ngokwezomnotho nangempumelelo imoto yomthwalo, kodwa futhi kunganciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, iziguquli zefrikhwensi zamafeni namaphampu, iziguquli zefrikhwensi zemishini yokuphakamisa, iziguquli zefrikhwensi zokulawula ikheshi, iziguquli zefrikhwensi zokulawula ukushuba, neziguquli zefrikhwensi zokufaka umoya.
3. Ukuhlanganisa
Isiguquli semvamisa sihlanganisa ngokukhetha izingxenye ezisebenzayo ezifanele ezifana nesistimu yokuhlonza ipharamitha, isilawuli se-PID, isilawuli se-PLC, kanye neyunithi yokuxhumana emshinini ohlanganisiwe, ongagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokwandisa ukwethembeka kwesistimu, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ngempumelelo umthamo wesistimu futhi kunciphise ukuxhumana kwesekethe yangaphandle. Ngokwemibiko, umshini wokuhlanganisa odidiyelwe we-frequency converter kanye nemoto kagesi uthuthukisiwe, okwenza lonke uhlelo lube luncane ngosayizi futhi lulawuleke kalula.
4. Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo
Ukuvikela imvelo nokukhiqiza imikhiqizo 'eluhlaza' kuwumqondo omusha esintwini. Ngokuzayo, iziguquli zefrikhwensi zizogxila kakhulu ekongiweni kwamandla nasekungcoleni okuphansi, okungukuthi, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa nokuphazamiseka komsindo nama-harmonics kugridi yamandla nezinye izinto zokusebenza zikagesi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
5. Ukuzivala, i-modularization, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nobuhlakani bezingxenye zokushintsha amandla kumjikelezo oyinhloko kuye kwakwandisa ngokuqhubekayo imvamisa yokushintsha futhi kwanciphisa ukulahlekelwa kokushintsha.
6. Ngokwesakhiwo se-topology sesekethe eyinhloko yesiguquli sefrikhwensi:
Isiguquli se-grid side yesiguquli se-frequency ngokuvamile sisebenzisa isiguquli se-6-pulse kumadivayisi aphansi we-voltage kanye namandla amancane, kuyilapho i-multiplexed 12 pulse noma ngaphezulu isiguquli sisetshenziselwa amandla kagesi aphakathi kanye namadivayisi amakhulu. Ama-converter aseceleni okulayisha ngokuvamile asebenzisa ama-inverter amabhuloho anamazinga amabili kumadivayisi amancane ane-voltage encane, kuyilapho ama-inverter anamazinga amaningi asetshenziselwa amadivayisi wamandla amakhulu aphakathi. Ukuze kudluliselwe ukusebenza kwama-quadrant amane, ukuze kuzuzwe impendulo yamandla avuselelwayo kugridi futhi wonge amandla, isiguquli eseceleni segridi kufanele sibe isiguquli esibuyisela emuva. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-inverter ye-PWM ekabili ene-bidirectional power flow iye yavela. Ukulawula okufanelekile kwesiguquli eseceleni kwegridi kungenza okokufaka kusondele kumagagasi e-sine futhi kunciphise ukungcoliswa kugridi. Njengamanje, zombili iziguquli zama-voltage aphansi naphakathi zinemikhiqizo enjalo.
7. Izindlela zokulawula i-pulse wide modulation variable voltage inverters zingabandakanya ukulawula kwe-sine wave pulse wide modulation (SPWM), ukulawula kwe-PWM ukuze kuqedwe imiyalo eshiwo ye-harmonic, ukulawulwa kokulandela umkhondo kwamanje, nokulawula i-vector space (i-magnetic flux tracking control).
8. Inqubekelaphambili yezindlela zokulawula ukuguqulwa kokuguqulwa kwemvamisa yamamotho kagesi e-AC ibonakala ngokuyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni kokulawulwa kwe-vector kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula i-torque eqondile ngaphandle kwezinzwa zejubane, eziye zasuka ekulawuleni isikali kuya ekulawuleni ukusebenza kwe-vector okunamandla aphezulu kanye nokulawula i-torque eqondile.
9. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-microprocessors kwenze ukulawula kwedijithali isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwezilawuli zesimanje: izinhlelo zokulawula ukunyakaza ziyizinhlelo ezisheshayo, ikakhulukazi ukulawulwa kokusebenza okuphezulu kwama-AC motors adinga ukugcinwa kwedatha ehlukahlukene kanye nokucutshungulwa kwesikhathi sangempela esisheshayo senani elikhulu lolwazi. Eminyakeni yamuva, izinkampani ezinkulu zakwamanye amazwe zethule ngokulandelana ama-cores asekelwe e-DSP (Digital Signal Processor), ahlanganiswe namasekhethi asebenzayo adingekayo ukuze alawule imoto, ahlanganiswe ku-chip eyodwa ebizwa nge-DSP single-chip motor controller. Intengo iyancipha kakhulu, umthamo uyancipha, isakhiwo sihlangene, ukusetshenziswa kulula, nokuthembeka kuyathuthukiswa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-microcontrollers ajwayelekile, i-DSP ikhulise amandla ayo okucubungula idijithali izikhathi eziyi-10-15 ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphakeme kokulawula kohlelo.
Ukulawulwa kwedijithali kwenza ihadiwe ibe lula, futhi ama-algorithms okulawula avumelana nezimo anikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekulawuleni, okuvumela ukuqaliswa kwemithetho yokulawula eyinkimbinkimbi nokwenza ithiyori yokulawula yesimanje ibe ngokoqobo ezinhlelweni zokulawula ukunyakaza. Kulula ukuxhuma nezinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zokudluliswa kwedatha, kusiza ukuxilongwa kwamaphutha, kuqinisa imisebenzi yokuvikela nokuqapha, futhi kwenza uhlelo luhlakaniphe (njengamanye ama-converter amafrikhwensi anemisebenzi yokuzilungisa).
10. Amamotho e-synchronous e-AC asephenduke inkanyezi entsha ekudluliseni okuguquguqukayo kwe-AC, ikakhulukazi ama-motor synchronous kazibuthe ahlala njalo. I-motor inesakhiwo esingenalutho, isici samandla aphezulu, nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, futhi isivinini se-rotor sivumelaniswa ngokuqinile nemvamisa yamandla. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-synchronous motor variable variable frequency control systems: isilawuli sangaphandle esishintshashintshayo kanye ne-automatic control variable frequency. Isimiso se-self controlled variable frequency synchronous motor sifana kakhulu naleyo ye-DC motor, esikhundleni se-mechanical commutator ye-DC motor ngesiguquli samandla kagesi. Uma usebenzisa i-AC-DC-AC voltage converter, ibizwa ngokuthi "DC commutatorless motor" noma "brushless DC motor (BLDC)". I-self controlled self controlled frequency variable synchronous system control control system ine-rotor position sensor, futhi uhlelo olungenayo inzwa ye-rotor position okwamanje luyathuthukiswa. Indlela yokulawula imvamisa eguquguqukayo yama-synchronous motors ingaphinda isebenzise isilawuli se-vector, esilula kunama-asynchronous motors ngokuya kokulawulwa kwe-vector okuqondiswe ngokuya nge-rotor magnetic field.
Ngamafuphi, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuguqula imvamisa kubhekise kubuhlakani, ukusebenza kalula, ukusebenza komsindo, ukuphepha nokwethembeka, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, umsindo ophansi, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokwenza kancane.